Introduction to Information Technology

General Knowledge of Information Technology

Information means data processed for some purpose whereas Technology refers to methods, process, techniques, systems, skills and devices which are used for accomplishment of some objectives or goals such as scientific investigation.

Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of electronic data and information. It is the use of technology for information processing and solve business or organizational problems on a broad scale through the use of financial software.

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8. Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

Goals of AI

* To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

* To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

 

9. Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each location being a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale, typically using a "pay-as-you-go" model which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for unaware users.

Types of Clouds

# Public clouds

Public clouds are cloud environments typically created from IT infrastructure not owned by the end user. Some of the largest public cloud providers include Alibaba Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, IBM Cloud, and Microsoft Azure.

# Private clouds

Private clouds are loosely defined as cloud environments solely dedicated to a single end user or group, where the environment usually runs behind that user or group's firewall. All clouds become private clouds when the underlying IT infrastructure is dedicated to a single customer with completely isolated access.

# Hybrid clouds

A hybrid cloud is a seemingly single IT environment created from multiple environments connected through local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), and/or APIs.

The characteristics of hybrid clouds are complex and the requirements can differ, depending on whom you ask. For example, a hybrid cloud may need to include:

- At least 1 private cloud and at least 1 public cloud

- 2 or more private clouds

- 2 or more public clouds

- A bare-metal or virtual environment connected to at least 1 public cloud or private cloud

# Multiclouds

Multiclouds are a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud service, from more than 1 cloud vendor—public or private. All hybrid clouds are multiclouds, but not all multiclouds are hybrid clouds. Multiclouds become hybrid clouds when multiple clouds are connected by some form of integration 

* Cloud services

Cloud services are infrastructure, platforms, or software that are hosted by third-party providers and made available to users through the internet. There are 3 main types of as-a-Service solutions: IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS(Platform as a service), and SaaS(Software as a service). 

 

10. Data mining 

It is a process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems.

Steps In The Data Mining Process

1) Data Cleaning

2) Data Integration

3) Data Reduction

4) Data Transformation

5) Data Mining

6) Pattern Evaluation

7) Knowledge Representation

Problems 

• Data Overload
• Lack of fully skilled manpower
• System and Network Security Issues i.e. Network Traffic, Dark Web, Viruses, etc.

Career/Jobs Related to this field

1. Software Developer 
2. Web Developer
3. Network Administrator
4. Database Administrator
5. IT Officer/Manager
6. Program Designer
7. System Analyst
8. Project Manager
9. Information System Auditor
10. AI Specialist
11. Technical Writer
12. Database Operator
13. Cryptographer
14. Data Scientist
15. Cloud Administrator

Topics Related to Information Technology

# Types of Computers 

-Analog Computers

-Digital Computers

#Generation of Computer

1st Gen- Vacuum Tubes 

2nd Gen - Transistor 

3rd Gen - Integrated Circuit(IC) 

4th - Microprocessors/Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits 

5th - Artificial Intelligence(AI)

#Classification of computers

-Super Computers

- Mainframe Computers

- Mini/Personal Computers(PC)

- Laptops and Palmtops or Handheld Devices

#Characteristics of Computer

- Accuracy - Speed - Diligence - Storage 

#Application/Uses/Areas of Computers

-Education 

- Health and Medicine

- Science 

- Business

- Recreation and Entertainment

- Banking 

- Art, Science and Engineering

 

Content Written By:
Nilesh Ghimire